This ban also affects promotions in the US military. This then enters the plethora of issues with the Veterans Affairs Department and treatment. This leads to higher rates of PTSD in women (who are more likely to develop PTSD from sexual trauma than from combat, compared to men). In 2009 less than 18% of reported cases went to trial. In the military world, that number is estimated by DoD to be 80%. In the civilian world 60% of rapes are estimated to go unreported. Women in the military are estimated to be sexually assaulted twice as often as the national average. This not only creates a hostile work environment (which could be contributing to the lower retention rates among women), but also creates an environment where sexual assault and harassment runs rampant. It has been argued that by having this ban, men in the military, even in non-combat arms positions, view women as inferiors. Direct combat takes place well forward on the battlefield while locating and closing with the enemy to defeat them by fire, maneuver, or shock effect." There are a lot of problems with this ban, but the most obvious being that women serving in Iraq and Afghanistan are already being put into these positions, and then subsequently not credited for it. This means "frontline" jobs, that are expected to see "direct combat", which is defined as "engaging an enemy on the ground with individual or crew served weapons, while being exposed to hostile fire and to a high probability of direct physical contact with the hostile force's personnel. The US military currently prohibits women from serving in combat arms positions.
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